Genehmigung
(Weiternutzung dieser Datei)
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This work was created in Cuba and is now in the public domain because its term of copyright has expired. According to Cuban law #14 [2] and subsequent amendments, copyright terms in Cuba are the following:</center>
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| Type of material
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Copyright has expired in Cuba if ...
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Copyright has expired in the US if...¹
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| Photographs |
Used more than 25 years ago |
First published in Cuba without compliance with US copyright formalities and used in Cuba before February 20, 1972
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| Anonymous works (not photographs) |
Used more than 50 years ago |
First published in Cuba without compliance with US copyright formalities and used in Cuba before February 20, 1947
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| Corporate and government works |
Never (perpetual copyright) |
Published before 1923
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| All other works |
More than 50 years has passed since the 1st of January following the death of the author |
a) Published in Cuba without compliance with US copyright formalities, author died before 1947 or b) Published before 1923
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| Note: Commons is currently debating whether to accept works that are public domain in their home country but are copyrighted in the U.S. under the URAA, see Commons:Licensing#Uruguay_Round_Agreements_Act. You are advised that works that do not meet the requirements for "Copyright has expired in the US if" as given above may be copyrighted in the U.S. and could be deleted from Commons at any time.
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| ¹For a work to be public domain in the United States, its copyright must have expired in Cuba before Cuba joined the Berne Convention on February 20, 1997.
[2] Law 14 of the "Protection of Intellectual Property Rights" was passed by the Cuban National Assembly in 1977, 3 years after Cuba's admission into the United Nations World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in 1974. According to Article 6 of the law, "The need to disseminate culture broadly will prevail over the indivudal rights of authors."
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| Note 2: Notwithstanding the conditions set above, the state of Cuba may decide to transfer to the state the copyright on works when the copyright term for the creator of it has expired, as set by the 48º article of Cuban Copyright law. Such works would not be free of copyright, and may be deleted at any time.
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This file is in the public domain. The photo was used for the first time internationally in 1967. It is in the public domain by Decree Law no. 156, September 28, 1994, to amend part of Law no. 14 December 28, 1977, Copyright Act (Article 47) which states that the pictures fall into the public domain Worldwide, 25 years after its first use.
Cuba did not sign the Berne Convention until 1997, and this photo was taken and publicized 30 years before that and thus is in the public domain.
- This includes being in the Public Domain in the United States - Since the image was first published in Cuba without compliance of US copyright formalities and used in Cuba before February 20, 1972.
- Of importance yes it is true that Alberto Korda sued that vodka maker Smirnoff based on his "moral rights" (under the belief that Che Guevara wouldn't support alcohol) that are independent of copyright status, while also attempting to obtain copyright ownership of the photograph. Although moral rights are not recognized in the U.S. - they are recognized through most of the World and part of international copyright law. Moral rights are included in Berne Convention, so if the photographer is still alive, he still can sue, even if the picture is public domain. However, the moral rights are not transferable, and when Korda died 2001, no one can control the use of the picture anymore under that premise. As to his desire to show he was the rightful owner of the Copyright for the image, that was never decided upon in court as the Case of (Korda v. Lintas & Rex) was settled "sensibly and amicably" out of court.
- As Ariana Hernández-Reguant contends in (Copyrighting Che: Art and Authorship under Cuban Late Socialism Public Culture 2004 v. 16 pp. 1-30.) ~ "There was never any official ruling on whether the depiction constituted a violation of copyright." (pg 4). The author goes on to state that: ~ "Korda took the picture while working for a state-run newspaper, his actual property rights would be questionable under both Cuban and international law." (pg 4)
- Of note as well before the photographer of the photo died, in reference to the image becoming a ubiquitous worldwide symbol, he also stated “As a supporter of the ideals for which Che Guevara died, I am not averse to its reproduction by those who wish to propagate his memory” — Korda [1]
1 ADDENDUM OF SUPPORTING EVIDENCE:
All quotations come verbatim from ~ A Copyright Revolution: Protecting the Famous Photograph of Che Guevara, by Sarah Levy, 13 Law and Business Review of the Americas, Am. 687. Summer of 2007.
- LEGALLY
- "The Berne Convention, which 160 countries have signed, states in article 7(4) that "it shall be a matter for legislation in the countries of the Union to determine the term of protection of photographic works."
- "The Universal Copyright Convention does not require protection for photographs."
- "In 1994, the World Trade Organization (WTO) implemented the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS), which allows the 150 WTO member countries to exclude photographs from the realm of protection provided for intellectual property."
- IN CUBA
- "The first jurisdiction of relevance is Cuban law because Cuba is both the location where the photograph originated and the domicile of the photographer."
- "General copyright protection under Cuban law lasts for photographs retain copyright protection for only ten years from the date the work is first used. After the copyright expires, the Council of Ministers can declare the work as property of the State."
- "It seems that in Cuba the copyright protection in Korda's Guevara photograph would have already expired, and despite the claims of ownership from Korda's heirs, the State would now hold any rights associated with the photograph."
- IN THE U.S.
- "A U.S. district court recently noted that "there is no uniform test to determine the copyright ability of photographs."
- "Under both the 1909 U.S. Copyright Act and the current act, in the absence of a will, courts determine the proper disposition of a copyright interest in accordance with the intestate succession law of the decedent's domicile. This holds true even if the decedent's domicile is in a foreign country. Korda was domiciled in Havana, Cuba."
- IN THE FUTURE
- "Furthermore, the question of ownership is a significant factor in determining not only the transferability of the copyright protection but also the duration of that protection within different jurisdictions. A comparison of the relevant laws of Cuba, the United States, and treaties adhered to by the international community shows a variety of possible results when looking at the protection afforded to the Korda photograph."
- "It remains to be seen what the result would be in the United States."
- "The outcome of future litigation hinges upon the duration of protection available within a jurisdiction."
Hence = The image is not protected in the United States as a copyrighted image at this time.
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